Warning to the Judge to Lean Only Toward the Side of Merit

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Warning to the Judge to Lean Only Toward the Side of Merit

Warning to the Judge to Lean Only Toward the Side of Merit

A legal principle to judge every person favorably. The judge should not seek guilt at all costs but carefully examine the possibility that the person is innocent, and when in doubt, favor the person and tip the scales toward merit.

("Eleven acquit and eleven convict and one says ‘I don’t know’ – this is a warning to the judge not to lean except toward the side of merit, as it is said: ‘Do not give an answer on a dispute’ – Mekhilta d’Rabbi Ishmael, Mishpatim, Tractate of Money, Section 20")

Translation

Expression (Hebrew)

אַזְהָרָה לַדַּיָּן שֶׁלֹּא יַטֶּה אֶלָּא לְכַף זְכוּת

Definition (Hebrew)

עִקָּרוֹן מִשְׁפָּטִי לְפִיו יֵשׁ לָדוּן כָּל אָדָם לְכַף זְכוּת. כְּשֶׁיֶּשְׁנוֹ סָפֵק בְּנוֹגֵעַ לְאַשְׁמָתוֹ שֶׁל הַנֶּאֱשָׁם עַל הַשּׁוֹפֵט "לְהַטּוֹת אֶת הַדִּין" לְטוֹבַת הַנֶּאֱשָׁם וּלְזַכּוֹת אוֹתוֹ מֵהָאֲשָׁמוֹת, בְּדוֹמֶה לָעִקָּרוֹן הַמִּשְׁפָּטִי שֶׁאֵין לְהַרְשִׁיעַ אָדָם אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן אַשְׁמָתוֹ הוּכְחָה "מֵעַל לְכָל סָפֵק סָבִיר".

("אַחַד עָשָׂר מְזַכִּין וְאַחַד עָשָׂר מְחַיְּבִין וְאֶחָד אוֹמֵר אֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ, הֲרֵי זוֹ אַזְהָרָה לְדַיָּן שֶׁלֹּא יַטֶּה אֶלָּא לְכַף זְכוּת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לֹא תַעֲנֶה עַל רִב"- מְכִילְתָּא דֶּרְבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל מִשְׁפָּטִים, מַסֶּכְתָּא דְּכַסְפָא פָּרָשָׁה כ)

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